قالب:C/شرح
قالب:About قالب:Pp-semi-indef قالب:Pp-move-indef قالب:Technical reasons قالب:Infobox grapheme قالب:Latin letter info [[ملف:Copyright.svg|thumb|right|100px|C in copyright symbol
C, or c, is the third letter in the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is cee (pronounced قالب:IPAc-en), plural cees.[1]
History
| Egyptian | Phoenician gaml |
Greek Gamma |
Etruscan C |
Old Latin C (G) |
Latin C |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| قالب:Align | 
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"C" comes from the same letter as "G". The Semites named it gimel. The sign is possibly adapted from an Egyptian hieroglyph for a staff sling, which may have been the meaning of the name gimel. Another possibility is that it depicted a camel, the Semitic name for which was gamal. Barry B. Powell, a specialist in the history of writing, states "It is hard to imagine how gimel = "camel" can be derived from the picture of a camel (it may show his hump, or his head and neck!)".[2]
In the Etruscan language, plosive consonants had no contrastive voicing, so the Greek 'Γ' (Gamma) was adopted into the Etruscan alphabet to represent قالب:IPA. Already in the Western Greek alphabet, Gamma first took a '
' form in Early Etruscan, then '
' in Classical Etruscan. In Latin it eventually took the 'قالب:Smallcaps' form in Classical Latin. In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters 'قالب:Smallcaps' were used to represent the sounds قالب:IPA and قالب:IPA (which were not differentiated in writing). Of these, 'قالب:Smallcaps' was used to represent قالب:IPA or قالب:IPA before a rounded vowel, 'قالب:Smallcaps' before 'قالب:Smallcaps', and 'قالب:Smallcaps' elsewhere.[3] During the 3rd century BC, a modified character was introduced for قالب:IPA, and 'قالب:Smallcaps' itself was retained for قالب:IPA. The use of 'قالب:Smallcaps' (and its variant 'قالب:Smallcaps') replaced most usages of 'قالب:Smallcaps' and 'قالب:Smallcaps'. Hence, in the classical period and after, 'قالب:Smallcaps' was treated as the equivalent of Greek gamma, and 'قالب:Smallcaps' as the equivalent of kappa; this shows in the romanization of Greek words, as in 'ΚΑΔΜΟΣ', 'ΚΥΡΟΣ', and 'ΦΩΚΙΣ' came into Latin as 'قالب:Smallcaps', 'قالب:Smallcaps' and 'قالب:Smallcaps', respectively.
Other alphabets have letters homoglyphic to 'c' but not analogous in use and derivation, like the Cyrillic letter Es (С, с) which derives from the lunate sigma, named due to its resemblance to the crescent moon.
Later use
When the Roman alphabet was introduced into Britain, قالب:Angbr represented only قالب:IPA, and this value of the letter has been retained in loanwords to all the insular Celtic languages: in Welsh,[4] Irish, and Gaelic, قالب:Angbr represents only قالب:IPA. The Old English Latin-based writing system was learned from the Celts, apparently of Ireland; hence قالب:Angbr in Old English also originally represented قالب:IPA; the Modern English words kin, break, broken, thick, and seek all come from Old English words written with قالب:Angbr: قالب:Lang, and قالب:Lang. However, during the course of the Old English period, قالب:IPA before front vowels (قالب:IPA and قالب:IPA) were palatalized, having changed by the tenth century to قالب:IPA, though قالب:Angbr was still used, as in قالب:Lang. On the continent, meanwhile, a similar phonetic change before the same two vowels had also been going on almost all modern romance languages (for example, in Italian).
In Vulgar Latin, قالب:IPA became palatalized to قالب:IPA in Italy and Dalmatia; in France and the Iberian peninsula, it became قالب:IPA. Yet for these new sounds قالب:Angbr was still used before the letters قالب:Angbr and قالب:Angbr. The letter thus represented two distinct values. Subsequently, the Latin phoneme قالب:IPA (spelled قالب:Angbr) de-labialized to قالب:IPA meaning that the various Romance languages had قالب:IPA before front vowels. In addition, Norman used the letter قالب:Angbr so that the sound قالب:IPA could be represented by either قالب:Angbr or قالب:Angbr, the latter of which could represent either قالب:IPA or قالب:IPA depending on whether it preceded a front vowel letter or not. The convention of using both قالب:Angbr and قالب:Angbr was applied to the writing of English after the Norman Conquest, causing a considerable re-spelling of the Old English words. Thus while Old English قالب:Lang, remained unchanged, قالب:Lang, were now (without any change of sound) spelled قالب:Lang, and قالب:Lang; even قالب:Lang ('knight') was subsequently changed to قالب:Lang and قالب:Lang ('thick') changed to قالب:Lang or قالب:Lang. The Old English قالب:Angbr was also at length displaced by the French قالب:Angbr so that the Old English قالب:Lang ('queen') and قالب:Lang ('quick') became Middle English قالب:Lang and قالب:Lang, respectively. The sound قالب:IPA, to which Old English palatalized قالب:IPA had advanced, also occurred in French, chiefly from Latin قالب:IPA before قالب:Angbr. In French it was represented by the digraph قالب:Angbr, as in champ (from Latin قالب:Lang) and this spelling was introduced into English: the Hatton Gospels, written قالب:Circa, have in Matt. i-iii, قالب:Lang, for the قالب:Lang of the Old English version whence they were copied. In these cases, the Old English قالب:Angbr gave way to قالب:Angbr, قالب:Angbr and قالب:Angbr; on the other hand, قالب:Angbr in its new value of قالب:IPA appeared largely in French words like قالب:Lang and قالب:Lang, and was also substituted for قالب:Angbr in a few Old English words, as قالب:Lang, in early Middle English قالب:Lang. By the end of the thirteenth century both in France and England, this sound قالب:IPA de-affricated to قالب:IPA; and from that time قالب:Angbr has represented قالب:IPA before front vowels either for etymological reasons, as in lance, cent, or to avoid the ambiguity due to the "etymological" use of قالب:Angbr for قالب:IPA, as in ace, mice, once, pence, defence.
Thus, to show etymology, English spelling has advise, devise (instead of *advize, *devize), while advice, device, dice, ice, mice, twice, etc., do not reflect etymology; example has extended this to hence, pence, defence, etc., where there is no etymological reason for using قالب:Angbr. Former generations also wrote sence for sense. Hence, today the Romance languages and English have a common feature inherited from Vulgar Latin spelling conventions where قالب:Angbr takes on either a "hard" or "soft" value depending on the following letter.
Pronunciation and use
Related characters
Ancestors, descendants and siblings
[[ملف:Porvoo.vaakuna.svg|thumb|upright|A curled C in the coat of arms of Porvoo
- 𐤂 : Semitic letter Gimel, from which the following symbols originally derive
- Phonetic alphabet symbols related to C:
- قالب:IPA link : Small c with curl
- ʗ : Stretched c
- 𝼏 : Stretched c with curl - Used by Douglas Beach for a nasal click in his phonetic description of Khoekhoe[5]
- 𝼝 : Small letter c with retroflex hook - Para-IPA version of the IPA retroflex tʂ[6]
- ꟲ : Modifier letter capital c - Used to mark tone for the Chatino orthography in Oaxaca, Mexico; Used as a generic transcription for a falling tone; Used in para-IPA notation[7]
- ᶜ : Modifier letter small c[8]
- ᶝ : Modifier letter small c with curl[8]
- ᴄ : Small capital c is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet.[9]
- Ꞔ ꞔ : C with palatal hook, used for writing Mandarin Chinese using the early draft version of پينيپين romanization during the mid-1950s[10]
Add to C with diacritics
Derived ligatures, abbreviations, signs and symbols
- © : copyright symbol
- ℃ : degree Celsius
- ¢ : cent
- ₡ : colón (currency)
- ₢ : Brazilian cruzeiro (currency)
- ₵ : Ghana cedi (currency)
- ₠ : European Currency Unit CE
- : blackboard bold C, denoting the complex numbers
- ℭ : blackletter C
- Ꜿ ꜿ : Medieval abbreviation for Latin syllables con- and com-, Portuguese -us and -os[12]
Code points
These are the code points for the forms of the letter in various systems قالب:Charmap
In Unicode, C is also encoded in various font styles for mathematical purposes; see Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.
Other representations
Use as a number
In the hexadecimal (base 16) numbering system, C is a number that corresponds to the number 12 in decimal (base 10) counting. قالب:Clear
شوف كمان
References
External links
- ↑ "C" Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "cee", op. cit.
- ↑ قالب:Cite book
- ↑ قالب:Cite book
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب
- ↑ قالب:مرجع ويب